A stoa, or a covered walkway or portico, was used to bind agorae and other public spaces. Highlighting the edge of open areas with such decorative architecture created a theatrical effect for the public space and also provided citizens with a basic daily form of protection from the elements.
Both the stoa and the agora were used by merchants, artists, religious festivals, judicial courts, and civic administrations. The Stoa of Attalos c. This portico consists of a double colonnade.
It was two stories tall, and had a row of rooms on the ground floor. The exterior colonnade on the ground level was built in the Doric order, and the interior was Ionic.
On the second level, Ionic columns lined the exterior, and columns with a simple, stylized capital lined the interior. Other examples of grand and monumental architecture can be found in Ionia , modern day Turkey in Pergamon, and Didyma. The Temple of Apollo at Didyma was both a temple and an oracle site. The temple was designed by the architects Paionios of Ephesus and Daphnis of Miletus. Its construction began in BCE but was never completed, although work continued until the second century CE.
The interior court was 71 feet wide by feet long and contained a small shrine. The court was also dipteral in form, edged with a double row of columns, each 65 feet tall, that surrounded the temple. The structure creates a series of imposing spaces, from the exterior colonnade to the oracle rooms, and the interior courtyard inside of which the shrine to Apollo stood.
The building plan also played with theatricality and drama, forcing its visitors through a dark interior and then opening up into a bright and open courtyard that did not have a roof. The building is dramatically different from the perfected Classical plan of temples. Instead of focusing on symmetry and harmony, the building focuses on the experience of the viewer. Plan and elevation of the Temple of Apollo : Construction began c. The Corinthian order is considered the third order of Classical architecture.
The capital consists of a double layer of acanthus leaves and stylized plant tendrils that curl up towards the abacus in the shape of a scroll or volute. The decorative Corinthian order was not widely adopted in Greece, although it was popular in tholoi.
It was, however, used substantially throughout the Roman period. Corinthian capital : A corinthian capital at the Odeon of Agrippa, c. The ruined Temple of Olympian Zeus in Athens also known as the Olympieion contains one of the best-known examples of the Corinthian column in Hellenistic architecture.
Originally designed in the Doric order in the sixth century BCE, the temple was redesigned in the second century BCE in the Corinthian order on a colossal platform measuring It was to be flanked by a double colonnade of eight columns across the front and back and twenty-one on the flanks, surrounding the cella. The design was eventually changed to have three rows of eight columns across the front and back of the temple and a double row of twenty on the flanks, for a total of columns.
The columns stand In BCE, the death of Antiochus IV who had presented himself as the earthly embodiment of Zeus brought the project to a halt, and the temple would remain incomplete. Temple of Olympian Zeus : Note the corinthian colonnades and Pentelic marble. Pergamon rose as a power under the Attalids and provides examples of the drama and theatrics found in Hellenistic art and architecture. Illustrate the dramatic and theatrical nature of the Pergamon, as seen in the Altar of Zeus, the Gigantomachy, and the Dying Gauls.
The ancient city of Pergamon, now modern day Bergama in Turkey, was the capital of the Kingdom of Pergamon following the death of Alexander the Great and was ruled under the Attalid dynasty. The Acropolis of Pergamon is a prime example of Hellenistic architecture and the convergence of nature and architectural design to create dramatic and theatrical sites. The acropolis was built into and on top a steep hill that commands great views of the surrounding countryside.
Both the upper and lower portions of the acropolis were home to many important structures of urban life, including gymnasiums, agorae, baths, libraries, a theater, shrines, temples, and altars.
Scale model of Pergamon as it might have looked in antiquity : Center left: Theatre of Pergamon. Center right: Altar of Zeus. Pergamon Museum, Berlin. The theater at Pergamon could seat 10, people and was one of the steepest theaters in the ancient world. Like all Hellenic theaters, it was built into the hillside, which supported the structure and provided stadium seating that would have overlooked the ancient city and its surrounding countryside. The theater is one example of the creation and use of dramatic and theatrical architecture.
Theater of Pergamon : The theater at Pergamon could seat 10, people and was one of the steepest theaters in the ancient world. The Hellenistic world fell to the Romans in stages, but the era ended for good in 31 B. Octavian took the name Augustus and became the first Roman emperor. But if you see something that doesn't look right, click here to contact us! Subscribe for fascinating stories connecting the past to the present. The classical period was an era of war and conflict—first between the Greeks and the Persians, then between the The term Ancient, or Archaic, Greece refers to the years B.
Archaic Greece saw advances in art, poetry and technology, but is known as the age in which the polis, or city-state, was For almost 30 centuries—from its unification around B. From the great pyramids of the Old Kingdom through the military conquests of the New By turns charismatic and ruthless, brilliant and power hungry, diplomatic and The Greek philosopher Aristotle B.
Though overshadowed in classical times by the work of his teacher Plato, from late antiquity By the time the First Punic War broke out, Rome had become the dominant power throughout the Italian Cleopatra VII ruled ancient Egypt as co-regent first with her father, then with her two younger brothers and finally with her son for almost three decades.
She was part of a dynasty of Macedonian rulers founded by Ptolemy, who served as general under Alexander the Great during Art in the Hellenistic Age. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, Zanker, Paul. Berkeley: University of California Press, Visiting The Met?
Papyrus fragment with lines from Homer's Odyssey. Marble head of a Ptolemaic queen. Bronze statuette of a philosopher on a lamp stand. Marble statue of a draped seated man Signed by Zeuxis as sculptor. Marble head of a bearded man. Marble head of Epikouros. Libraries in the Ancient World. Architecture became a means of expressing an interest in the dramatic 4 through enormous buildings, as well as surprising vistas, as at the sanctuary of Athena on the island of Lindos , and innovative design, as at the Sanctuary of Apollo at Didyma.
Religious buildings were often designed to give visitors a physical and emotional experience that matched their religious experience; they were meant to evoke feelings of awe, revelation, and delight 5. Hellenistic sculpture reflected a new awareness of personality and introspection by showing realism and human emotion, rather than the detached idealism evident in the art of the Classical period 5th and 4th centuries B.
Sculptors also explored swirling drapery, as exempflied in the famous Nike of Samothrace , and the female nude, as in the Aphrodite of Knidos. What is more, sculpture became more engaged with the space around it: rather than appearing as static figures meant to be viewed only from the front, Hellenistic sculpture developed into something more dynamic, reaching out into the viewer's space and inviting views from all sides 6.
The Ludovisi Gaul , for example, exhibits the high drama that characterizes the Hellenistic period while encouraging, even forcing the viewer to circumnavigate it to take it all in. Even in the minor arts, such as pottery, in the Hellenistic period showed a change in artistic sensibilities and tastes.
Some types of Hellenistic Greek pottery became more ornate and colorful, paralleling developments in sculpture in architecture. Other styles of pottery imitated in clay the luxurious bronze, silver, and gold tablewares used by imperial families and other elite members of society 7.
Despite the flowering of cultural exchange and artistic innovation, the Hellenistic period is the last era of independent Greek civilization, reaching to the end of its dominance as a new power emerged in the west. Rome had already conquered the Greek cities and towns in southern Italy and Sicily, including Paestum and Syracuse, and was eager to add mainland Greece and the rest of the Hellenistic kingdoms to its expanding empire.
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